A Introduction to Sociology Statistics

Sociological research can have three distinct goals: description, explanation, and prediction. The description is always an important part of the research, but most sociologists attempt to explain and predict what they observe. The three research methods most commonly used by sociologists are observational techniques, surveys, and experiments. In each case, measurement is involved that yields a set of numbers, which are the findings, or data, produced by the research study. Sociologists and other scientists summarize data, find relationships between sets of data, and determine whether experimental manipulations have affected some variable of interest. The word statistics has two meanings: The field that applies mathematical techniques to the organizing, summarizing, and interpreting of data. The actual mathematical techniques themselves. Knowledge of statistics has many practical benefits. Even a rudimentary knowledge of statistics will make you better able to evaluate statistical claims made by reporters, weather forecasters, television advertisers, political candidates, government officials, and other persons who may use statistics in the information or arguments they present. Representation of Data Data are often represented in frequency distributions, which indicate the frequency of each score in a set of scores. Sociologists also use graphs to represent data. These include pie graphs, frequency histograms, and line graphs. Line graphs are important in representing the results of experiments because they are used to illustrate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics summarize and organize research data. Measures of central tendency represent the typical score in a set of scores. The mode is the most frequently occurring score, the median is the middle score, and the mean is the arithmetic average of the set of scores. Measures of variability represent the degree of dispersion of scores. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores. The variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean of the set of scores, and the standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Many kinds of measurements fall on a normal, or bell-shaped, curve. A certain percentage of scores fall below each point on the abscissa of the normal curve. Percentiles identify the percentage of scores that fall below a particular score. Correlational Statistics Correlational statistics assess the relationship between two or more sets of scores. A correlation may be positive or negative and vary from 0.00 to plus or minus 1.00. The existence of a correlation does not necessarily mean that one of the correlated variables causes changes in the other. Nor does the existence of a correlation preclude that possibility. Correlations are commonly graphed on scatter plots. Perhaps the most common correlational technique is Pearsons product-moment correlation. You square the Pearsons product-moment correlation to get the coefficient of determination, which will indicate the amount of variance in one variable accounted for by another variable. Inferential Statistics Inferential statistics permit social researchers to determine whether their findings can be generalized from their samples to the populations they represent. Consider a simple investigation in which an experimental group that is exposed to a condition is compared with a control group that is not. For the difference between the means of the two groups to be statistically significant, the difference must have a low probability (usually less than 5 percent) of occurring by normal random variation. Sources: McGraw Hill. (2001). Statistics Primer for Sociology. http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/sociology/statistics/stat_intro.htm

Essay about Electricity Informative Speech - 2446 Words

Informative Speech Outline I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Jane Brox said, â€Å"Time and task were both disorienting. For if you were to remove everything from our lives that depends on electricity to function, homes and offices would become no more than the chambers and passages of limestone caves†¦ simple shelter from wind and rain. No way to keep out cold, or heat, for long. No way to preserve food, or to cook it. The things that define us, that without their purpose, they lose the measure of their beauty and we are left alone in the dark with countless useless things.† (Jane Brox, Brilliant: The Evolution of Artificial Light) B. Thesis Statement: Today I will inform you about the significance of electricity†¦show more content†¦b. Impact: We can now talk easily to a friend or relative who is at a great distance from us. We can communicate our messages to the most distant corner of our country within no time. 2. Claim: We all knew that trains and buses run by coal and petrol respectively, but now steam engines and diesel engines are being replaced by electric engines. a. Support: On April 8, 2010, R. Cohen from http://www.journals.elsevier.com (Elseviers online network of sites reaches over 16 million professionals and scientists at corporate, academic, governmental and medical organizations each month.), wrote that long distance trains as well as local trains in cities like Mumbai and Calcutta are being run by electric engines. Electrification of more and more railway tracks are being done. b. Impact: Since switching to electric engines, their speeds have increased greatly, and the journey of such trains becomes smoke free which is much better for our environment. 3. Claim: Electricity has changed the way of farming. a. 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Leveraging Workplace Diversity Free Essays

Diversity is a term that is used to refer to ways in which people are different. These include the gender, age, language, educational level, life experience cultural background sexual orientation ethnicity religious belief work experience socio-economic background marital status family responsibilities personality and marital status. Whether married, single or pregnant women should be given the same opportunities in their workplace and should not be sexually harmonized by their bosses. We will write a custom essay sample on Leveraging Workplace Diversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Against sex discrimination Act 1984 Workplace diversity refers to the ways of recognizing and respecting the individual differences of the workers and being able to manage them as they work. In the places work there is need for diversity in terms of gender, type of work to be done, age tribe/race and even the level for education of the individuals. For instant when we look at gender a good workplace should be gender sensitive in that both men and women should have the same opportunities of working depending on their level of education. Both male and female should have equal chances of taking the top positions in their place of work and should be given respect by the other work mates equally. Women should not be discriminated as it happens in most cases and denied the best opportunities that arise. A good work place should have balance in terms of tribe or race. This is important as it clears good relations in the society as each tribe or race is represented. Therefore different mates form different background come and put their minds together as a team to bring out the best in the work place. A workplace that discriminates it’s workers on the grounds of race, color or Nationality or Ethnic origin will not succeed as this is unlawful and goes against the Racial Discrimination Act 1975(Huyles,1996,pg 56). The Human rights should be taken into consideration in the workplace. All persons both the physically challenged and mentally disabled should be given the same working opportunities without discrimination. They are human beings who have the same rights as other human beings. Their complaints should be addressed greatly and they should accommodate by every individual as they do their work. Any discrimination against these people is unlawful as it violates the Human Rights and Equal opportunity commission Act 1984 (Cox, 1995, pg 43). To maintain diversity in the workplace, all employers and employees have a right to a secure healthy working environment. This will help them to be alert and work comfortably so that they can bring out the fruitful work that will benefit them and the society at large. Therefore, an employer has a role of taking precautions to prevent discrimination and harassment to his employees. This is necessary since failure to that; one violates the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1991(Bruhn, 1996, pg 35). The disabled should not be discriminated in their place of work since it’s not their choice to be in their state. They are human beings with all the human rights. Therefore, they should be treated like any other individual or employee. The sick should be given proper medical attention to improve their state so that they can also work together like others. If an employer goes against this, he violates the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 and should face the law (Hofsted, 1997, pg 265). Diversity also requires that all the employees be informed and access the awards and agreements that are part of their work. For instant, they should be aware of the terms and conditions that are important as it relates to the workplace relations act 1996. The employer should not discriminate the employee from this information. A diverse workplace should ensure that there is corporation and maximum use of the diverse skills, employee’s values and their work experiences so that they may come with good fruits in their work. It should also ensure that the structures in the workplace, the systems that they use and the procedures that they apply are well utilized to help the employees in balancing their work, manage their families by caring for them in responsible manner. When making decisions, a diverse workplace should also take in account their goals and the skills that are required so that they can meet these goals and objectives. They should ensure that transparency is available and the decisions should be procedurally fair at the same time be equitable (Schauber, 1999, pg 460). To maintain diversity in the workplace, Disney company sets the overall company performance goals for the year. These goals are usually diverse and require a diverse staff so that they can meet them. The company sets individual performance measures for the year without any discrimination. Therefore, each employee has a target to meet his goals in a diverse manner. The company also sets target bonus for each individual that motivates them to work hard so that they can achieve their goals and earn these bonuses at the end of the year. They also measure the actual performance against the predefined company performance goals to reach to the necessary adjustments that are to be done so that they would do better in future (Ting 1999, pg12). For one to have an effective change model there should be a commitment to serve the others. Therefore, both the employee and the employer should be committed to serving the society as a whole. They should be ready to serve all the races without discrimination and give them equal opportunities in accessing the benefits that are available. There should also be need for Awareness of the importance of new ways of approaching issues. The employees and the employer should be informed of the so that they would come up with different ways of thinking so that it will be easier to hire and retain diversity in the working staff and develop an educational seminar to the diverse society to encourage the issue of diversity (Huyle, 1996,pg 98). There should be Awareness of the importance to build and maintain trust among the employees and the employer and the society as a whole. This is important as it develops the mutual understanding in the people and even the entire society. The issue of openness should be understood and all the members are interested and willing to be involved in this model of diversifying the workplace and the activities involved (Kotter, 1995, pg59-67). Creativity should be encouraged as this will ensure or encourage people to think and come up with the best as they work. The employees should be informed of the importance of diversity as it adds richness to them and the society in general and be informed of the need for a diverse staff so that whenever there are changes, they are able to accommodate the new employees (Coop, 1997, pg 56). REFERENCES Bruhn, J.G. (1996). Creating an organization climate for multiculturalism. Health care supervisor, 14(14), 11-18. Hofsted, G. (1997).Culture and organizations: software of the mind. New York: McGrass-Hill. Schauber, A. (1999).Assessing organizational climate: first step in diversifying organizations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Cincinnati: union Institute. Ting-Toomey, S. (1999).Communicating across cultures. New York: Guilford. Huyle, R. Mendez Russell, A. (1996). The diversity directive: why some initiatives fail and what to do about it. Irwin professional publishing. Cope, Bill Kalantzis, Mary (1997). Productive diversity, anew Australian and a model for work management. Plato press. Cox Jr., Taylor (2001). The challenge of managing diversity. San Francisco: john Wiley sons, Inc. Kotter, J.P. (1995). Leading change: why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 59-67 Â   Â   Â   How to cite Leveraging Workplace Diversity, Essay examples

Characteristics of Capabilities and Resources of Carrefour free essay sample

All groups (5 students in a group) should read Case Study Carrefour, and elaborate the following issues related to the Case with justifiable theories. 1. Since 2004, Carrefour has been in a re-launching process, because of a growing competition both on a worldwide level and in many specific country markets. Conduct a SWOT analysis for the group and discuss critically the multi format approach in this context. 2. Conduct General environment analysis with justifiable theories. 3. Conduct Industry environment analysis with justifiable theories. . Discuss the characteristics of capabilities and resources of Carrefour. 5. Briefly explain the three types of international corporate-level strategies with some relevant theories and then discuss critically about Carrefour’s adopted international corporate-level strategy. 6. Discuss the level of diversification in Carrefour with referring to financial statement analysis. 7. Discuss the Relationship between customers and each of Carrefour ’s business level strategies (business formats) in terms of who, what and how? 8. Based on problem statement and your analysis, give suggestion how Carrefour can achieve competitive advantages and above average return or sustain competitive advantages and above average return. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of Capabilities and Resources of Carrefour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Justify your answer based on relevant theories. Page 1 of 1 Resource: 1. Sources used for this case study include the web sites http://www. carrefour. fr and http://www. carrefour. com , and various annual and interim reports, investor relations presentations as well as explicitly cited sources. SUBMISSION INFORMATION The assignment must be completed by week 10. Late submission will be penalized. Please type the assignment in Times Roman 11/ Ariel 10 font, with one and half (1. 5) spacing (save paper) with numbered pages – The assignment should not be more than 15 pages. The cover page template for the report is given below. ALL facts in the assignment must be substantiated except those that are obviously common knowledge. This necessarily requires that the source of information be cited. For example, if a statement is made that the local economy is likely to get better or worse over the next five years, then the report MUST indicate the source of this expectation. RULES AND REGULATIONS †¢ †¢ You are assigned to complete this assignment as a group. You must write the assignment based on real information. SPECIFIC INFORMATION This assignment will be group work. If you cannot find a group, I will assign you to one of my choice. All the members of a group are required to contribute equally. If the contribution of the members is considerably unequal, you can agree on a different weighting scheme that reflects the contributions of each member. Lacking agreement, you will be asked to provide me with the details of each member’s contribution in writing, and I will decide the weights. Page 2 of 2

Dyslexia Essays - Educational Psychology, Special Education

Dyslexia Whether we graduate from highschool or college we all hope to find a challenging career that will propel us forward in today`s society. For those suffering from dyslexia this only adds to the frustration and fears associated with seeking employment. Many adults with dyslexia or other forms of learning disabilities never disclose their disability in interviews or once employed for fear of being discriminated against. Several investigators have noted, however, that many persons with learning disabilities adjust well to the demands and complexities of adulthood. (Greenbaum et al. 1996). The basic cause of dyslexia is still not known, however, much research is being done to determine the problems underlying dyslexia. In many cases, dyslexia is highly inherited. Studies have shown a number of genes that may set the stage for its development. Characteristics of dyslexia are now more apparent to educators than ever before. Early educational interventions are helping individuals to manage their dyslexia. There have been some studies that attend to accommodating persons with learning disabilities in post-secondary and occupational settings. Only a few articles will be reviewed having been found worthy of this subject. However, before reviewing the articles, in order to gain a greater understanding of the types of learning disabilities people face lets define one of the most significant learning problems: dyslexia. A Type of Learning Disability: What is Dyslexia? The word dyslexia is derived form the Greek dys (meaning poor or inadequate) and lexis (works or language). Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by problems in expressive or receptive, oral or written language. Problems may emerge in reading, spelling, writing, speaking, or listening. Dyslexia is not a disease; it has no cure. Dyslexia describes a different kind of mind, often gifted and productive, that learns differently. Dyslexia is not the result of low intelligence nor is the problem solely intelligence. An unexpected gap exists between learning aptitude and achievement in school. Dyslexia is not truly a visual or auditory problem, but a language problem. Dyslexia results from differences in the structure and function of the brain. People with dyslexia are unique; each having individual strengths and weaknesses. Many dyslexics are creative and have unusual talents in areas such as art, athletics, architecture, graphics, electronics, mechanics, drama, music, engineering, and medical professions. Dyslexics often show special talent in areas that require visual, spatial, and motor integration. Their problems in language processing distinguish them as a group. This means that the dyslexic has problems translating language to thought (as in listening or reading) or thought to language (as in writing or speaking). After looking at what dyslexia means and some characteristics of this disability now lets look at a study of learning disabilities in the workplace. Research by Greenbaum, Graham, and Scales (1996) adults with learning disabilities in the work place indicate that most adults adjust well to the demands and complexities of adulthood. The purpose of this study was to identify occupational and social status of adults with learning disabilities once after college. This study was conducted at the University of Maryland. Only eighty-one students with learning disabilities received assistance from the office of Disability Support Services during a twelve-year span from 1980 to 1992. In the study conducted by Greenbaum, Graham, and Scales (1996), out of the 81 former students, 49 adults with learning disabilities agreed to be interviewed about their current employment and social status. The study was based on increasing reports of adults with learning disabilities in recent years and the questions about the efficacy of special education services. As Patton and Polloway (1992) cited by Greenbaum et al. (1996) noted, the scenario for many adults with learning disabilities is characterized by unemployment, low pay, part-time work, frequent job changes, non-interaction with community, limitations in independent living, and limited social lives. Several investigators within this study noted persons with disabilities adjust well in adulthood years. Greenbaum et al. (1996) found that a number of adults with learning disabilities were employed in white-collar jobs (e.g. lawyer, urban planner, and real estate investor). Thirty seven percent of adults with learning disabilities studied by Gerber et al. as cited by Greenbaum et al., classed as highly successful in their job, eminence within their occupation, earned income, job satisfaction and education. Within all three studies, one factor for success for adults with learning disabilities was the level of education. Persons with mild learning disabilities who dropped out of high school are often employed at a lower rate than persons with mild disabilities who graduated. (Edgar, l987; Hasazi, Gordon, Zigmond & Thornton, l985). Persons with learning disabilities who graduated from college are

World Wrestling Federation Essay Example

World Wrestling Federation Essay Example World Wrestling Federation Paper World Wrestling Federation Paper The World Wrestling Federation (WWF) become the worlds dominant international entertainment business by the creative management of Vince McMahon. Wrestling used to be restricted to perform only in its territory and respect other domain, but McMahon neglected the rules and started to monopolise the business. McMahon was a brilliant promoter who innovate the WWF as varities wrestling show. The WWF joined with music, movie and television business. Many merchandises were produced under the WWF brand. After several years of the WWF domination, the WCW were established and started to be a big threat for McMahon.Many of his wrestlers were recruited to the WCW under new management of Eric Bischoff. The competition was getting worse for the WWF when Bret Harts contact was about to expire. However, retaining Hart in the WWF couldnt change the situation. Finally, Hart was released to the WCW. Strategy alalyse. 1. Medias such as television and cable networks were effective in order to expose a new product (the WWF) to aware American consumers. Providing varieties of the WWFs wrestlers distinguish this crowd from others. 2. McMahon put a lot of effort to create characteristic for his wrestlers. These produced charmful wrestlers for the fans.In the other word, they are qualities product from the WWF. Scripts and costumes were neatly selected for each character, emphasizing attractive persona. 3. Leaving the Georgia territory was the biggest mistake of McMahon. To monopolise the business, it is very important to make sure that the business is difficult for anyone to enter. But the WWF abondoned the territory leaving a chance for Ted Turner to enter the business. 1. Introduction 1. 1 Background of Wrestling World Wrestling Federation (WWF) is one of the most well known association in the world, especially, among men and boys.Many people may misunderstand that it is a gentlemen fighting club as well as other ones such as WBA, WBF or K-1. However, according to its owner, Vince McMahon Jr. , WWF is in an entertainment business, not wrestling one. The wrestling, originally showed in circus, has long history in American entertainment business. There are several regional wrestlers and promoters. Their domains are clearly divided and the gentlemens agreement to respect their domain and others had ruled for two decades, until Vince McMahon Jr. entered into the business.About Vince McMahon Vince McMahon Jr. followed his father footsteps became a wrestling promoter after he had struggled in bitter life with his stepfathers. Despite his father firstly discourage him to join the business, McMahon Jr. was fulled with inspiration and ambition to succeed in this business. Being trained by his father provided him valueable experiences which cannot be acquired through other promoters espectially the McMahons domain covered big cities like Washington, D. C. , Boston and New York City.Operating wresting matches in Madison Square Garden would be a great classroom for young McMahon, and also had a chance to study the television side of the operation. One fortunate day, he had a chance to try ring announcer because an absence of his fathers ringside announcers and his talent was recognised. By taking up this position full time, McMahon started to understand viewers wants. When McMahon Sr. was retiring as a result of cancer, McMahon Jr. had to buy the WWF outright instead of take it over from his father.The first move of McMahon was harsh and beyond the line of wrestling promoters that borders are no longer respected. 1. 3 Rising of the WWF In the first year of taking control the WWF, McMahon started to create next generation fans focusing on kids in town and tried to eliminate the border idea which had ruled wrestling for years. Television is the strongest and most effective influnce in such big country like the U. S. Soon, half of the country on the eastern coast could see the WWF at home. Certainly, McMahons breach of borders caused conflicts with other promoters.However, to win the competition was not as tough as it seemed. McMahon accurately estimated his competitors were lack of business experience. Most of them were former wrestlers and overestimated McMahon by the tremendous presence of the WWF in TV. As a result, these rivals gave up their territories and the WWF now broadcast across the country. After TV media achieved the WWF to counquer national territory, McMahon then move forward to cable network with a vision that this can increase revenues by pay-per-view, at the same time, it extends fan-club base.Merchandises and licensing revenues such as action figures, foam fingers, cereals and many other toys generated enomous amount of money from the popularity of the WWF. The WWF was not about only wrestling things anymore, opening the matches with rock concerts, explosions and excitement of speculators fascinate speculators and attracted millions of viewers at home. Growing together with the cable, the WWF became world-wide wrestling team. Japanese, Mexican and Canadian wrestlers were imported to the WWF and these contenders dared to do more dare-devil actions for fames and fortune.WCW: A New Challenger Ted Turner owned a cable television empire and broadcasted the WWF programme in his TBS station. Turner wanted to join the business with McMahon but the agreement could not happen, followed by the move away of the WWF from TBS and McMahon sold a territory out. Ted Turner then bought the territory and established the World Championship Wrestling (WCW). The WCW was an out-of-leage competitor at the first, but with capital reserve, cable networks and patience, he turned up to be a dangerous competitor McMahon ever faced.Eric Bischoff was a hero brought the WCW to superior the WWF. Bischoff attcked the weak point of the WWF which, at that time, struggled with the governments investigation of a steroid drug distribution scandal. As a result, many of WWF wrestlers were recruited to the WCW camp, started from former WWF superstars like Hogan and Savage, then stars on the stage like Lex Luger. The competition was getting intense for the WWF when a contract of its greatest wrestler, Bret Hart, was about to expire. McMahon offered an undenieable contract to Bret Hart to keep majority of the WWFs fans.Unfortunately, the outcome of the contract did not pay out. Fans strangely started to like a vilainous wrestler and Harts popularity was declining. Bret Hart turned not to be as worth as his paid. Hart could be neither a perfect hero nor a horrible villain. McMahon decided to cut the losses by shifting Hart to the WCW. Worse than that, conflicts between Hart and Shawn Michaels got too far to be just scripted. The competition between the WWF and the WCW had points to analyse and learn from it. 2. Case Analyses 2. 1 How did vince McMahon Build the WWF?Wrestling used to be stricted by a gentlemens agreement that not to invade other promoters domain. But Vince McMahon was a liberated promoter who started to break the agreement. McMahon took advantages of medias, his weak opponents and his territory was likely giving him better oppotunity. 1. Medias Firstly, he convinced a regional television station to broadcast his shows. The taped programme is possibly more attractive than live program because the shows is more intense, scenes are selected and exciting point can be replayed, zoom up or even re-filmed to make it better.In addition, almost everyhouse in the U. S. has television. Wrestling can be seen in by every one in the area, as easy as push a remote-control button. McMahon had a vision to use cable network to broadcast the WWFs shows. Cable was not only to extend the WWFs domain to oversea, but also unexpectedly bring back dare-devil wrestler from oversea. In addition, television was common way all over America to enter the others domain. Regardless of differences in states, American people are likely addicted to television. RAW, a Monday Night programme, was the extended programme from McMahon to tide fans with the WWF.Weak Opponents McMahon analysed his opponents correctly. Because he had been trained with his father before, this provided him deep understanding of other promotors background. In every competition, well understanding of opponent are crucial in order to defeat rivals. Most of promotors were former wrestler, lack of business experience. Moreover, at that time, wrestling was not the business generate revenues for the promotors so much thus low capital reserve was the other factor reduced endurance to compete in the business.McMahons opponents might think that it was not worth to compete with big promoter like McMahon for a low-income business, plus, they might not have knowledge to compete. 3. His territory McMahon had such a resourceful territory where cover major metropolitan on the eastern coast. Firstly, McMahons income would be relatively higher than other promoters due to a great number of population in the area. Dealing events with large corporates in New York City would give him incredibly greater experience than other promoters to organise business in environment that competition is cruelly intense.McMahon learned to use medias to manipulate market trend as same as other companies in New York do. McMahon had opportunities to learn, try and develop his business strategy. So, with his vision to dominate the business, his position provided him abundant resources to do so. Innovatively, the WWF presented viewers more than typical wrestling like others. McMahon carefully created fascinasting characters for his wrestlers. Each character has its own distinctive charisma. Wrestlers are clearly seperated into two groups: babyface (good guy) and chief heel (bad guy).Matches were about competing between good and evil, full of enthusiasm spectators cheered their wrestler. Regardless of the fact that the result of the fight were decided by McMahon, viewers were still keen to watch it because of charmful characters. Costumes also accent the characters personality. And the WWF was not only about wrestlers on the ring any more, but also the WWF wrestlers lifestyle were broadcasted, showing ordinary people participated in their life to show on TV, helping fans keeptrack of the alliances.This strategy wisely increased enthusiasm in the WWF fans, and create brand loyalty. McMahon expose wrestlers in his camp variously in other entermaint business such as movies and music. On the other hands, celebrities in these business were brought to present in the WWFs matches opening. The WWF matches provided more exciting shows than others: started with the rock concert, explosions, elevated platforms and breathtaking matches that everyone waiting for.Many wrestlers in the WWF becomes rock stars or movie stars. Hulk Hogan was a famous one and the recent one is the Rock who has several movies in Hollywood. Sometimes, the wrestlers were invited to present in talk shows, telling fans about their private life. This marketing strategy is to repeatedly shows the product (the WWF wrestlers) to consumers, generating familarity and increase visibility of product which increase purchasing possibility, in the other words, viewers become the WWF fans.

Most Americans should not use credit cards Essay

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BRITISH ELITE ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS ORGANISATIONAL PERSPECTIVE - Research Paper Example In light of such representation at high profile events, the role of managers has become a matter of interest to stakeholders in athletics. Managers are highly trained individuals in the theory and practice of athletics. Different managers specialize in different fields. Managers in athletics have the task of overseeing the development of athletes from average performers to elite performance with the ability to perform competitively with the best athletes from all over the world. In light of the competitive nature of elite sport, the biological, psychological and physical development of British athletes is crucial to the attainment of expertise and successes in representing Great Britain in both international and local sport events. To achieve this, Managers have a crucial role to play. Good athletes’ management involves the benchmarking of every aspect of the athlete’s performance management with a view to ensuring their transition into elite level performers. In addition to that, good management of athletes involves a review into factors such as effective athletes’ management in such areas as training, coaching, leadership, social support, skills dissemination, among others and its influence in the achievement of goals among British athletes. In the collection of data for this research, the primary research involved designing a questionnaire, which was administered to a selected group of elite British athletes. Interviews were also conducted to carry out the survey. The analysis of the interviews and questionnaires clearly demonstrates that effective management of British athletes has a relationship with success in international and local sports events. This is in line with the hypothesis of this research. However, there were some limitations to the collection of data such as the small sample size and the limited number of respondents to the interviews and questionnaires. Further, while the researcher has identified that

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Sales Management project - Essay Example For sales managers it is a very difficult task to select the people who will turn out to be great at what they do. Over the years a lot of scholarly work and research has been conducted about the recruitment processes that will ensure person-job fit at the managerial levels but very little attention has been paid on emphasizing and devising a proper strategy that ensures that the right people are hired on a sales force. According to Cravens et al (1997) one of the main marketing expenditures in the business-to-business marketplace is the field sales force and even then, little is done to make absolutely sure that the right people are hired on sales forces. According to Rich and Smith (2000) â€Å"The greater the skill used in evaluating potential salespeople, the more effective will be the hiring process; effectiveness being measured by lower turnover and greater productivity over an extended period of time†. Most organizations pay little or no attention on a standardized recruitment procedure that ensures that the right sales people are selected for the jobs even though most researches show that higher sales are generated by salespeople who are motivated and well-suited for their job. For organizations whose work centers around retailing of products and services, their sales force plays the most important of tasks of determining its success. Fort a better, more well-matched person to be inducted into a company’s sales force, it has been observed that a better recruitment process is necessary. According to Pitt and Ramasheshan (1995),â€Å"In the sales force recruitment process in most organizations, the organization’s requirements are typically positioned as the primary consideration†. Which generally means that more emphasize is laid on generalizing the demands of the organization so as to attract a larger number of people to apply for the jobs.

Market Segmentation In The Dessert Food Service Industry Marketing Essay

Market Segmentation In The Dessert Food Service Industry Marketing Essay The Sweet House will be located in the Mid Valley shopping centre, the cafà © will are created for customer to rejuvenate, relax and relate with friends. Besides that, our business type of desserts will divided three main variety, which are Asian dessert Western dessert and Custom dessert. Asian dessert is more suitable to middle-age people and Chinese people. For example, Pak Kor Fu Chuk, Longan Xue Yee, Kacang Merah, Bubur Cha Cha and so on. The Western dessert is more suitable to the young man or young age people, because Western desserts are more colorful and more variety to attract the young people. For example, Mango Lolo, Honey Dew Lolo, Durian Cendol, Cendol Pulut and so on. Custom dessert is let customer choose their need of variety taste, such as Mango and Kiwi Lolo, Yam Sweet Corn, Sea Coconut Fruit Cocktail, Mix Fruit Lolo and etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦As a result, our business will sold these three main types of variety to our customer target. Financing: Our business is established from a partnership. So I and my partner will put a total of RM 80,000 into startup of the business. The remaining RM 40,000 is the amount that we are requesting for bank financing. This is because; our business needed quite more equipment such as, machinery, furniture, fixtures and so on. So, we are requesting for bank financing for our business. Executive Summary Sweet House is a shop outlet dessert inside the Mid Valley. In the dessert industry, our competitive advantage, is that our goods all is 100% organic and come from farm ourselves. Besides that, our business will use coal cook system to maintain 100% taste. Sweet House target market is the young man adults, PMEB (Professional, Manager, Executive, and Businessman) and tourist. Our business also will create a special price for customer when starting lunch time. Television and radio advertising is used to increase customer awareness of Sweet House. Our business will create a web site to customer for join our member know our news or information. This Web Site also provides a discussion board or feedback where customers can post a suggestion or respond to their needs. Finally, our business also has provided some training program to our employee. For example, management skill, communication skill and customer services seminar and so on. Our business operation time will begin at 10.30am until 9.00pm and open 7 days a week business time. 3.0 Market Segmentation in the Dessert Food Service Industry The Dessert Industry can be broken down into two major segments based on customer characteristic and price. Price is one of more important factors in determining market segmentation, as it influences the consumer to buy the goods. Customers have come to demand reasonable of price what they pay for. It is important to note that the majority of customers look for value, which is a key component of Sweet Houses mission. Second factor which will influences market segmentation is age of the customer. The age range of the dessert industry is quite large, ranging from young man to old men, and different marketing strategies will attract a variety of patrons. For example, Sweet Temptation fulfill demand of the young man, because the Sweet Temptation will sold the dessert such as AisKacang dessert, ABC dessert and smoothie dessert. Besides that, Jonker Sweet Dessert is different between the Sweet Temptation, because their sold the products are suitable to the old people and middle-age people. For example, KacangMerah dessert, Bubur Cha Cha dessert and etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦So they will feel this will more healthy than the ABC dessert. Nowadays desserts are most competitive industry in worldwide, because different dessert has different characteristics. This type of dessert industrial is more liquidity, for example is Cendol dessert, there is convenience to family-style. So the customer no needs to go outlet to purchase the goods. Besides that, Independence stall will set in shopping center middle or beside, the independence stall the place will smaller, and not enough facilities, the product price will cheaper than shop outlet, the independence stall sell product is limited but there have a special thing, for example Petaling street air matakucingmoutak ding this is a independence stall their sell the special thing can achieve health, detoxifying feature. This kind of stall is self-services, so that the customer will feel not satisfy for this customer services. Finally, shop outlet also one type of dessert industry. Shop outlet will give customer comfortable environment place to eat dessert, because will better than the first two dessert industrial. For example is Sweet Temptation, not only sell the dessert, they also have sold smoothie dessert. So different desserts have different customers will purchase the goods. 4.0 The Target Market Sweet House target market is the young man and PMEB (Professional, Manager, Executive, and Businessman). Our will believe that this an important segment, as a young man will more consumer our goods, because sometimes they will have gathering, party, dating and so on. PMEB people also will buy our goods, because when lunch time, they have enough purchasing power to purchase our goods. Besides that, they also will feel more relax and dont have working stress. 5.0 Competitive Sectors 5.1Type of dessert industrial Now a day dessert industrial have many type, but the major type of dessert are separate three major type, 1)Mobile vendors, 2)Independent stall 3) Dessert specially outlet. Mobile Vendors The mobile vendors sell their dessert on van have given more customer convenience, for example is mat tou you dessert, there is convenience to family-style. Family no need go to dessert restaurant. The product price also will cheaper than shop outlet and more attracting the customer to purchase, because they allow the customer to customize their like the favor food to add in dessert based on price. For example is RM3.80 will give 5 favor to customize, RM5.90 will give 8 favors to customize, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Due to this, some mobile vendors have differentiated themselves and positioned in the customers mind. Independent Stalls Independence stall will set in shopping centre middle or beside, the independence stall the place will smaller, and not enough facilities, the product price will cheaper than shop outlet, the independence stall sell product is limited. Independent stalls attract large crowd based on location and some have developed strong reputation. For example Petaling street air mata kucing mou tak ding this is a independence stall their sell the special thing can achieve health, detoxifying feature. They use publicity in newspaper to promote their special thing, tell the people after eat can achieve health and detoxifying. Specially Dessert Outlets Shop outlet will give customer comfortable environment place to eat dessert, this is shop outlet advantage. For example, koong woh tong, not only sell the dessert, their also have sell health food like kui ling gao this food can coupling to dessert and then can achieve detoxifying feature, and every day have sell the limited special dessert, because the price is more cheaper. Some dessert outlets operate on a franchise or chain. They have do advertisement for their product, so their reputation will increase by advertisement. 6.0 Competitive Advantage Sweet House differentiates itself from other competition through 100% organic, traditions cooking process and price. Our raw material of the dessert is 100% organic, such as yam, sweet potato, sweet corn, red bean, and etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. For example, yam and sweet potato form the Bubur Cha Cha, this will planted the raw material by our farm. That as would be expected, that organic crop, do contain higher levels of trace minerals, vitamin C, and antioxidant phytonutrients. Besides this, there do not have any insecticides and any chemicals to influence our raw material. This is because; our raw material is fresh and 100% natural. So when our produced it, which is 100% organic and fresh for send into our business. Besides that, our also use traditions cooking process. Every dessert also cook by the coal, normally is using gas to cooking dessert, but this not enough ¼Ã…’because gas cannot cook 100 percent taste, but use coal can attain the 100 percent taste. So this is our advantage of the dessert process, which will more attract the customer to purchase our goods. 7.0 Description of Venture Sweet House is shop outlet in the Mid-Valley, so I will designed a natural organic environment for our shop outlet, that will let our customer relax and no more working stress to enjoy our desserts. For example, Purple Cane Chinese Tea is designed a purple color environment, let customer feel particular and relax to enjoy their Chinese tea. So that will attract more customer to purchases our dessert. Besides that, I will also establish the E-Commerce in our business. We create a Web Site in which customers are join our member can search and browsers or order our goods. Once a customer logs in with his or her username and password, a customer will be able to order our goods and search what the customer needs. The Web Site also provides a discussion board or feedback where customers can post a suggestion or respond to their needs. 8.0 Operation Plan When the customer comes to our Sweet House, he or she will able to order the dessert, as well as have the option to custom their own dessert. Furthermore, our Sweet House can give customer order first. So the customer no need spend more time to waiting our goods preparation. Therefore, most dessert will be prepared on the premises. Our employees will be designed for the high standard of sanitary efficiency and cleaned daily. For example, our cleaner will clean by two shift, morning shift and night shift. So we will give customers a comfortable environment to enjoy the dessert. Besides that, our Sweet House Dessert operation time will begin at 10.30am until 9.00pm and open 7 days a week business time. So our business will closed by Chinese New Year and 31 Aug National Day. Our businesses also have provided some training program to our employee, like customer services courses, communication courses and so on. The employee will be trained out not only in our specific operations duties i n the philosophy and application of our concept. So our employee will provide high standard of services to serve the customer of demands. Our Sweet House dessert distributes inside the Mid Valley shopping Centre is a 2400 square foot space. Besides that, our facilities have tables, chairs, bars, and counters, refrigerator and machine or requirement of equipment. A big emphasis is being placed on extensive research into to quality of our purity dessert price and inventory control will be handled by our system and checked daily by management. Our Sweet House has a lot employee, but the qualification of employee minimum is SPM level. So that we can provide some training for improve their skill and knowledge. Finally, we plan for establishing services, attitudes and policies. We will provide 100 percent good service and encourage customer give our feedback. Feedback can help our improved and make better. 8.1 Floor layout 9.0 Marketing Plan Goals and Objectives Sweet House will be a full services dessert kiosk. Our financial goal is to attain of $100,000 sales in the first year. Sales will increase 50 percent sales in the second year and third year another 30 percent. Based on the first two goals, continue want to expand to two stores by the third year of the business, after expand to two stores, we want to plan increase patronage by 30 percent per year and increase Sweet House restaurants popularity as a dessert Sweet House objective is to provide high quality dessert in a comfortable atmosphere. We also need to make enough profit to generate a fair return for investors and to finance continued growth, to enhance development in quality products, we also maintain a friendly, fair and creative work environment, which respects diversity, new ideas and hard work. Sweet House include 1) give back to the community we can sales for charity in any charity event and we also can provide dessert to orphanage children, because our dont have present children after try our dessert can feeling the happiness 2) ongoing employee education and recognition programs, we have provide employee some training programs to improve employee knowledge 3) Dedication to the finest quality ingredients, we dont use any pigment and Preservative in our dessert 4) Produced raw material by ourselves, our raw material is make it ourselves, so that we dont use the pesticide in to raw material, we use the Organic fertilizer, so that our raw material is 100 percent natural. Strengths and weaknesses Sweet House strengths are 100 percent natural material, because we dont use pigment, preservative and pesticide, so that our dessert use has a health body traditional Chinese medicine add in our dessert, so that can achieve health, detoxifying and pretty, special thing is cook by coal, give customer fair product price and enjoy the high quality dessert. The main weaknesses are our distribution is limited stores, and very insufficient money for start-up business and limited expansion, we also face the employee training problem, the last is time and cost, because we want spend more time to manage business and the cost budget issue must be manage properly. Opportunities and Threats Nowadays, all family also dun like eat in home. So they will like consume more outside food. This is because; they feel not convenience and feel food cooking by family in home so weary. So they will more come to consume outside food. Our business also has provided the training program and seminar about organic food for our employees. This is because, nowadays the education level is very high, and so our business will provide the about the organic food of seminar or speech to our employees. As a result, our employees can easily to communicate or solve from our customers who have the problems. Our desserts are come from our farm, so all raw materials are 100% natural organic. So that is our desserts of advantages. However, in Dessert Industry, our business has quite high competitors in the market. For example, mobile vendors, independent stalls and specially dessert outlet shop. So, our business should be come out a new product and win the customers of loyalty. Besides this, our stocks are limited keeping fresh, this is a big problem we should be faced, because our stock if not fresh, then that stocks are cant sold to the customer. Finally, after 2010, government taxes rate will increase, so a lot of customer will feel the government taxes of fee is quite high then will decrease the customer purchasing power. . 9.1 Product Sweet House desserts will divide three main product lines, which are Asian dessert Western dessert and Customized dessert. Asian desserts include Pak Kor Fu Chuk, Longan Xue Yee, Kacang Merah, Bubur Cha Cha and so on. That is targeted to Chinese and middle-aged. Chinese are more like to consume the Asian dessert, because the Asian dessert has some traditional culture for the Chinese people. The Western desserts are Mango Lolo, Honey Dew Lolo, and so on. Target of Western desserts are male and female. That is because, Western desserts are more colorful and more specially to attract the young age customer to purchases it. Finally, custom dessert is let customer choose their need of variety taste, such as Mango and Kiwi Lolo, Yam Sweet Corn, Sea Coconut Fruit Cocktail, Mix Fruit Lolo and etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. of our dessert. For example, Mix Fruit Lolo have 3 three types of custom ways, the first is three favor of variety is RM 5.90, four favor of variety is RM 6.90 and five favor of va riety is RM 7.90 to give more choices to our customer. 9.2 Promotion Pull Strategy Sweet House desserts will use pull promotional strategy that attracts consumers on advertising to buy or demand for desserts. So our business will advertise more advertisement to satisfy the customer needs. As a result, consumers will receive directly information from the media on newspapers, radio and Internet. Advertising We will use advertising to communicate to consumers. Moreover, it classifies its segmentation to communicate directly to young man and middle-age people. Sweet House will use the TV to promote the desserts, because all people will watch Astro channel, Astro channel advertising will give all customer information. Besides that, our business will use celebrity (Fish Leong) to promote the dessert, that will increase our business brand name and reputation. TV advertising of advantage is: 1) customer will easy to get information 2) country-wide coverage. That can increase awareness of Sweet House brand name and the reputation and build traffic. Moreover, we can also use newspaper advertising and magazine, such as newspaper can promote dessert to attract PMEB (Professional, Manager, Executive, and Businessman) to buy. Nowadays they very like read magazine, so that also can promote our dessert in the magazine. So we will apply the newspaper inserts to advertise all dessert in the newspaper. Besides that, we will also advertising into the City Foam magazines to promote the dessert. Public relationship Corporate social responsibility is public relationship. To give back to the community, we will hold some activity with the local humane society. So our dessert also have provide free to Cheras orphanage inside the orphan and poor families on during the every holiday season. Moreover, average for food columnist to review our shop. Sales Promotion Sweet House has promoted its product through different sale promotional strategies. We will use catalogue promotion to make sales promotion, because customer can clear to read what the desserts are got promotion, discount and voucher. Sales promotion will make discount to customer, so the price will cheaper than normal price and promotion will also special price. For example is Honey drew Lolo and Durian Lolo will discount to 20% so the normal price is RM 5.90 will discount to RM4.70. This kind of the discount, customer should be apply our member then can get this amount of the discount. At the non-member also will discount by 10%, so the normal price is RM5.90 will discount to RM 5.00. Besides that, we will make some promotion for non-pease time. That also can to attract customers to consume the desserts. For example, Kiwi Lolo is RM 5.90, and then within in sale promotion 3pm-5pm, the price will decrease like RM 4.90. Advertising our dessert on online catalog Sweet House also will advertise on the online catalog, such as banner, forum and create a web site to promote and given some news and update new information for the customer. So customer can read its information more clearly before consuming. We also will used the social networking to attract the customer for Sweet House, such as Facebook pays for Sweet House and we will apply a membership club to customer joined our membership. 9.3 Price In general will our price level be lower than competitor. So we will used penetration pricing strategies to attract customer to consume the dessert. Optional product pricing We will make a Dessert top-up package, so who customers will purchases of Western Dessert RM5.90 but top-up RM1 will refreshment (yam cake). For example, Kiwi Lolo is RM 5.90, if customer top-up RM1, he or she will get a yam cake. So, the total price is RM6.90. If customer didnt top-up RM1, the Kiwi Lolo will sold back the normal price (RM6.90). Buddle pricing We will make a few packages for customer; those are A2+1 package and W2+1 package. A2+1 package are who customer purchases of three Asian desserts such as Bubur Cha Cha RM3.90, Kacang Merah RM3.50 and Pak Kor Fu Chuk RM 3.50, total prices of customer purchases are RM 10.9. So the customer will get the nice package price is RM9.50. W2+1 package are who customer purchases of three Western desserts such as Kiwi Lolo RM5.90; Honey drew Lolo RM5.90 and Mango Lolo RM5.90, so customer will get from Sweet Houses W2+1 package is RM 15.00. Promotion Pricing For example is Honey drew Lolo and Durian Lolo will discount to 20% so the normal price is RM 5.90 will discount to RM4.70. This kind of the discount, are only entitled for members. At the non-member also will discount by 10%, so the normal price is RM5.90 will discount to RM 5.00. 9.4 Distribution Sweet House is a retail outlet which direct to sold to customer. Our business of raw materials are manufacturing by ourself, so that we no need supply material by supplies. We have many raw material need required to use. For example, yam, sweet potato, kiwi, honey drew, durian, strawberry, corn and mango. All raw material is come from our farm.So, we are backward integrated to operate our dessert shop. The raw matearial will delivery everyday into our shop.That can save more cost transportation fee and the cost of the raw material. Our shop outlet will build into the Mid Valley, because Mid Valley is a major Shopping Centre in KL so that we can attract more customers. 10.0 Organizational Plan Sweet House will be established as a partnership. The principal shareholders will each assume an equal stake in the business. A cooperative relationship between people or groups who agree to share responsibility for achieving some specific goal; effective language learning is a partnership between school, teacher and student; the action teams worked in partnership with the government. In the contract between two or more persons who agree to pool talent and money and share profits or losses. Management Team Background Wong Yok Lung- President Wong Yok Lung was born in Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur and graduated near of his class at Kuala Lumpur High School. He is currently a fresh graduated Degree in marketing and management at the New Era College. Besides this, he also is earning a supervisor at Target Fashion Sdn. Bhd. Wong Yok Lung will run monthly meetings with Board and the vice presidents. Ng Hai Loon-Finance Manager Ng Hai Loon was born in Malaysia, Selangor and graduated of his class at Kampar High School. He is currently a fresh graduated Degree in finance and accounting at Help College. Besides this, he also is earning an accountant at certain company. He will be in charge of the financial statement and be responsible in choosing an appropriate accounting firm. Lee Mei Yee-Marketing Manager Lee Mei Yee was born in Selangor, Kajang and graduated of her class at Kajang High School. She is currently a fresh graduated Diploma in marketing at New Era College. She will be responsible for creating promotional activities, monitoring sales, and performing the necessary market research to determine how best to improve the Companys awareness. Yim Ye Wen-Chef Yim Ye Wen was born in Malaysia, Seremban and graduated of her class at Kajang High School. She is currently a fresh graduated Diploma in Hotel Management at Nilai College. She will be responsible for meal preparation. She will have to prepare everything needed for dessert on any given day. This includes mixing dessert, estimating the amount of different raw materials need for the given day, and making the dessert. When closing cook, she will also be responsible for cleaning the kitchen so that the Sweet House will be ready for the next days business. 10.1 Organizational Chart 10.2 Board of Advisors A board of advisors is a small group of people which meets periodically to offer advice and direction to a company. Members of the board of advisors do not usually have a share in the company, and they do not bear legal responsibilities for the companys actions. Generally, small and startup firms use a board of advisors so that they get a firm footing in their market, and people on the board are chosen on the base of expertise and prestige. The Board of Advisors includes: Ms. Chan Kuan Thye- She is professor in the marketing department of New Era College. Her expertise in the field of knowledge is much needed by the Company. Mr. Alan Ng- He is professor in the management skill department of Utar College. His expertise in the field of knowledge is much needed by the Company. Mr. Henry Chua- He is general manager working will Six Happiness Holdings Sdn Bhd. His experience in the field of knowledge is much needed by the Company. 11.0 Assessment of Risk Dessert shop set to open a suitable price is not easy, when sugar prices increase, this will directly affect the price of dessert. Higher price than the competitors, our customers will be reduced, thus reducing sales volume. If dessert costs are too high, this will also increase the risk of business. In addition, if competitors dessert or dessert shops continue to increase, which also allows us to bring some pressure and risk, we must continue to improve, or innovative the desserts to meet the competition in this area, otherwise, our customers are gradually reduced. We have to kept the business improvement, because now the consumers not only want quality requirements, they will be because of the service good or bad to choose their dessert, keep on follow the old scale, consumers will feel no fresh and unhappy, customer reviews on our business image is very important, once the reviews are bad, the customer to patronize the frequency will fall. Cost and profit we also have to control well, the cost cannot be higher than the profits, costs and profits, because we are open a new dessert shop, if handled badly percent rate will eventually lead to business failure. Because we are just only sell the desserts for dessert stores, we do not have a lot of other option, so we have to face with strong competitors, and other conditions are good to compare, that why we must find a way to make our products more outstanding, and try to reduce risk of this area. Financial Plan: SWEET HOUSE PRO FORMA INCOME STATEMENT THREE-YEAR SUMMARY (RM) à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Year 1 year 2 year 3 SALES 187300 241525 256950 LESS: COGS 32375 47232 50000 GROSS PROFIT 154925 194293 206950 à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ OPERATING EXPENSES: à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ SELLING EXPENSES 3300 3700 3900 SALARIES WAGES 67200 69000 70000 OFFICE SUPPLIES 2400 3000 3100 RENT 60000 60000 60000 UTILITIES 6000 6500 6700 INSURANCE 2400 2600 2600 DEPRECITION 2400 2600 2800 ADVERTISING EXPENSES 2000 2200 2500 à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES 145700 149600 151600 PROFIT (LOSS)BEFORE TAXES 9225 44693 55350 TAXES (20%) 1845 8939 11070 NET PROFIT (LOSS) 7380 35754 44280 This is a sweet house three year pro forma income statement result, we can see this result have a successful opening in the first three year, first year sales is RM187300, the second year sales is RM241525 and the third year sales is RM256950 so that sweet house after first year have successful. The net profit in the first year is RM7380, but second year will build up to RM35754, so that this result is increase 4.8 times. But the third year net profit is RM 44280. The result is increase 6 times SWEET HOUSE PRO FORMA INCOME STATEMENT FIRST-YEAR BY MONTH à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC SALES 14300 15000 14200 18000 18000 19000 19100 14500 14100 9500 13700 17900 LESS: COGS 2745 2745 2745 2800 2800 3000 3000 2600 2715 1780 2655 2790 GROSS PROFIT 11555 12255 11455 15200 15200 16000 16100 11900 11385 7720 11045 15110 à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ OPERATING EXPENSES: à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ SELLING EXPENSES 1000 100 100 200 200 300 500 100 100 100 100 500 SALARIES WAGES 5400 5400 5400 6000 6000 6000 6000 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 OFFICE SUPPLIES 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 RENT 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 UTILITIES 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 INSURANCE 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 DEPRECITION 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 ADVERTISING EXPENSES 150 150 150 200 200 200 200 150 150 150 150 150 à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES 12650 11750 11750 12500 12500 12600 12800 11750 11750 11750 11750 12150 PROFIT (LOSS)BEFORE TAXES (1095) 505 (295) 2

Speaker identification and verification over short distance telephone l

SPEAKER IDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION OVER SHORT DISTANCE TELEPHONE LINES USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS Ganesh K Venayagamoorthy, Narend Sunderpersadh, and Theophilus N Andrew gkumar@ieee.org sundern@telkom.co.za theo@wpo.mlsultan.ac.za Electronic Engineering Department, M L Sultan Technikon, P O Box 1334, Durban, South Africa. ABSTRACT Crime and corruption have become rampant today in our society and countless money is lost each year due to white collar crime, fraud, and embezzlement. This paper presents a technique of an ongoing work to combat white-collar crime in telephone transactions by identifying and verifying speakers using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Results are presented to show the potential of this technique. 1. INTRODUCTION Several countries today are facing rampant crime and corruption. Countless money is lost each year due to white collar crime, fraud, and embezzlement. In today’s complex economic times, businesses and individuals are both falling victims to these devastating crimes. Employees embezzle funds or steal goods from their employers, then disappear or hide behind legal issues. Individuals can easily become helpless victims of identity theft, stock schemes and other scams that rob them of their money White collar crime occurs in the gray area where the criminal law ends and civil law begins. Victims of white collar crimes are faced with navigating a daunting legal maze in order to effect some sort of resolution or recovery. Law enforcement is often too focused on combating â€Å"street crime† or does not have the expertise to investigate and prosecute sophisticated fraudulent acts. Even if criminal prosecution is pursued, a criminal conviction does not mean that the victims of fraud are able to recover their losses. They have to rely on th criminal courts awarding restitution after the conviction and by then the perpetrator has disposed of or hidde most of the assets available for recovery. From the civil law perspective, resolution and recovery can just be a difficult as pursuing criminal prosecution. Perpetrators of white collar crime are often difficult to locate and served with civil process. Once the perpetrators have been located and served, proof must be provided that the fraudulent act occurred and recovery/damages are needed. This usually takes a lengthy legal fight, which often can cost the victim more money than t... ...phone speech†, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 2 no. 3 March 1995, pp. 46 - 48. [2] J.M.Naik, L.P.Netsch, G.R.Doddington, â€Å"Speaker verification over long distance telephone lines†, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 23-26 May 1989, pp. 524 - 527. [3] A.L.Mcilraith, H.C.Card, â€Å"Birdsong Recognition Using Backpropagation and Multivariate Statistics†, Proceedings of IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, vol. 45, no. 11, November 1997. [4] G.K.Venayagamoorthy, V.Moonasar, K.Sandrasegaran, â€Å"Voice Recognition Using Neural Networks†, Proceedings of IEEE South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing (COMSIG 98), 7-8 September 1998, pp. 29 - 32. [5] V.Moonasar, G.K.Venayagamoorthy, â€Å"Speaker identification using a combination of different parameters as feature inputs to an artificial neural network classifier†, accepted for publication in the Proceedings of IEEE Africon 99 conference, Cape Town, 29 September – 2 October 99. [6] H.Demuth, M.Beale, MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox User’s Guide, The Maths Works Inc., 1996. [7] T.Kohonen, Self-organizing and associate memory Spring Verlag, Berlin, third edition, 1989.

Discrimination In Employment

Discrimination of human beings has always existed throughout society, and most probably will always continue in this fashion. For centuries people have been discriminating others and have been discriminated against for factors that they are powerless to prevent, such as their skin colour, sexuality or gender.However, with a new multi-cultural society being created, race has now become the principal form of discrimination throughout the world. Making it the primary source of discrimination within multi-cultural companies and thus the employment sector, due to the high number of different races being present. To tackle this situation numerous steps have been taken within the political setting to stamp out discrimination within employment.The main federal laws in place prohibiting employment discrimination, more noticeably recognised as the Federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws, are; Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), which prohibits employment discriminati on based on race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin; the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA), which protects men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment from sex-based wage discrimination; the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), which protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older; Title I and Title V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), which prohibit employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in the private sector, and in state and local governments; Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibit discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities who work in the federal government; and the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which, among other things, provides monetary damages in cases of intentional employment discrimination (EEO). DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#2 The U. S.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces these laws and is op en for interaction with any citizen residing within the United States of America. Meaning that any individual is able to legally file a complaint or lawsuit against a company, if they believe that a company has broken one of these laws against them. Title VII prohibits not only intentional discrimination, but also practices that have the effect of discriminating against individuals because of their race, colour, national origin, religion, or sex; and therefore it is illegal to discriminate against an individual because of birthplace, ancestry, culture, or linguistic characteristics common to a specific ethnic group.This is the premier law that racial discrimination lawsuits base their foundation upon, as the actions of the employer to the employee illegally contradict the law’s principals. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that it is unlawful to discriminate against any employee or applicant because of their race, and that it is unlawful in regard to hiring, termination, co mpensation, assignment, or classification of employees; transfer, promotion, layoff, or recall; job advertisements; recruitment; testing; use of company facilities; training and apprenticeship programs; fringe benefits; pay, retirement plans, and disability leave; or any other condition within the realm of employment (VII).This therefore requires employers to provide equal employment opportunities to individuals, no matter what their race, colour or creed. However, if a promotion request of a Caucasian male within a company is accepted, whilst the request of an Asian male is rejected, the reasoning for this could easily be seen as racial discrimination against the Asian male. Allowing him to legally attempt to prosecute the company on grounds of unlawful practise, despite if the intentions of the employer were actually innocent. This situation was the case for small Solicitors firm where an Asian male successfully sued the company for over $3,000, as he believed he was rejected for promotion upon racial grounds.The firm was a dominant Caucasian enterprise within an area known for racial tension, between the Asian and DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#3 Caucasian communities. The employer stated that he believed the Caucasian male was more suited to the position, despite the Asian male having greater experience and more relevant qualifications. In October of 2005, Judge Sir Peter Irwin Casewell, ruled in favour of the Asian male, as he believed that racial discrimination had occurred and that employment laws had been breached. He ordered that the manager of the company, Mr. Edward K. Turrent, was to pay a sum of $3,200 in compensational damages to Mr.Aafiya Mumbtaz, for racial discrimination against the employee, hindering the progress of the individual’s career prospects, and disrespecting the employment laws set in place by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII (2&3). Due to the company being located within a racially charged area. I can fully unders tand the reasoning why the Asian male may feel repressed, and that the effecting variables were due to racial discrimination. Therefore I can understand why the company was suspected of breaking the civil rights act, as they refused promotion of a man of a different race, yet accepted a man of a their own creed, a breach of employment regulation.However, I do not believe that this incident was sufficient enough to award the â€Å"victim† over $3,000, as there is also the highly likely possibility that the company was acting accordingly. With the event occurring within a racially charged area, there is even the possibility that the Asian male was acting out of racial discrimination himself. Enforcing his revenge upon the Caucasian dominated firm, as he may be a racist individual, attempting to affect the business controlled by an opposite race. An additional reason why I would not have taken such drastic action is due to the fact that the Solicitors firm, whose workforce was a mere 12, employed the Asian male knowing that he was of a different race.If the company had practised racial discrimination, surely they would have rejected Mr. Mumbtaz upon application of the position, rather than reject his request for a promotion. DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#4 This to me shows evidence that a racist management did not control the firm, and therefore no racial discrimination within the business took place. Upon a more global scale, Apple Computers have recently been charged with a $40 million racial discrimination lawsuit, charging the company of unfair dismissal an African-American employee. Described by the plaintiff's attorney as â€Å"one the largest racial discrimination cases in U. S.history,† the suit alleges that the former employee was denied promotions and standard perks, isolated from co-workers; and then fired for a trivial offence. The suit was filed on October 30th in Santa Clara County Superior Court. The plaintiff, who did not reveal his name because he is currently looking for work, was an Apple employee from 1998 until he was fired in July 2005, working as a product design engineer. The lawsuit alleges that the plaintiff was fired after he brought a friend to work in April 2005, to encourage him to pursue a college education. Waukeen Q. McCoy, the plaintiff's attorney, stated that he believes his client has an exceptionally strong case for discrimination and wrongful termination.â€Å"His white counterparts have not been disciplined or terminated for bringing a friend or family member to campus, and it is a way for them to get him out of the company,† McCoy stated. He also believed that the plaintiff was receiving less pay than his white counterparts, an act that would be breaking employment laws. After bringing the friend to Apple's campus, the plaintiff was suspended, leading the company to launch an investigation before terminating the employee; who is now still without employment, currently looking for work in Silicon Valley. McCoy said that the employee had no prior problems and had an â€Å"above average† work record. When new management took control of the plaintiff's department within the company, he was immediately moved into a separate cubicle away from the rest of his groupDISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#5 for no apparent reason. This formed the foundations of the lawsuit as it provided a suspect indication of racial discrimination towards the employee. The attorney for this case, Waukeen Q. McCoy, has a track record for successfully prosecuting racial discrimination lawsuits. He was the lead plaintiff's attorney in the largest racial discrimination suit in U. S. history, the infamous â€Å"Carroll v. Interstate Brands Corporation† case. Interstate Brands, makers of Wonder Bread and other consumer foods, was sued by 15 African-American employees for refusing to hire and promote African-American employees.In August 2000, a jury awarded the plaintiffs $135 million, leading the case to be voted â€Å"Verdict of the Year† by Verdicts & Settlements Magazine. Waukeen Q. McCoy stated that he would be willing to settle the case if Apple made a reasonable offer. However this request has fallen upon deaf ears, as Apple have so far failed to respond to the letters that McCoy has sent. Waukeen Q. McCoy said to reporters â€Å"I think this is certainly something that corporate America should look at and think twice about doing to someone, singling them out like this,† whereas a spokesperson for Apple declined to comment on the case, citing a company policy of not discussing pending litigation (Apple).Unlike the previous case of the solicitors firm where I believe the employee was at fault, and discrimination was free from the employment sector, it is most likely that racial discrimination did indeed occur within the Apple firm. The United States of America has a tradition of African-American slavery; and due to this, racial discri mination is the main assumption as to why an African-American person should be sacked by a Caucasian company. However, with this conjecture comes the fact that it is also easy for an Africa-American male to claim that he was the victim of racial discrimination, as he knows the topic will receive a great deal of coverage, and put the company who he believes has offended him under significant pressure. The reasoning for this may be money driven, as they know DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#6that the company may agree upon an out of court settlement, protecting the company’s image and reputable status. Despite this, my opinion that racial discrimination was present is made almost certain by the accounts of the African-American being moved into a separate cubical for no apparent reason, and the fact that the African-American man was prosecuted for actions that his Caucasian counterparts were not. In doing this, I believe that the Apple firm has neglected the laws of the civil r ights movement by not cohering to the laws of pay, fringe benefits, and the usage of the company facilities; therefore using racial discrimination against there employee, and should consequently receive punishment for their actions.Unlike the previous lawsuit, the Apple Company has a large workforce and employment system. As a result, this means that they obviously employ a great deal more employees due to the high number of jobs available. This presents the possibility of employing African-American individuals out of necessity rather than out of preference. Holding prejudice and racial discrimination against the employee from his arrival to the organisation. Lawsuits such as this cannot so easily be assessed due to the nature of the event, as there is no actual evidence that whatever occurred originated from racially driven motives; consequently meaning that the case is therefore based upon opinions and beliefs.My personal outlook upon the term racism itself, the main factor of rac ial discrimination, is that it refers to beliefs or practices that differences exist between the genetics of various groups of human beings; and that these differences can be measured upon a scale of superior to inferior. This therefore presents the theory that one race is greater than the other, which is the outlook upon life I believe a racist person preaches. If a person believes that their race if superior to others, I do not think that they themselves should be judged against the law, due to the fact that it is there belief, only there actions. Thus the outcome of the Apple Computer court case and the majority of Discrimination withinDISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#7 Employment lawsuits, mainly Racial Discrimination, are forced upon becoming based upon the issues of morals and ethics. Morality is a complex set of principles based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which an individual determines whether his or her actions are right or wrong. The se concepts and beliefs are often generalized and codified by a culture or group, and thus serve to regulate the behaviour of its members. Conformity to such codification may also be called morality, and the group may depend on widespread conformity to such codes for its continued existence.A moral may refer to a particular principle, usually as informal and a general summary with respect to a moral principle, as it is applied in a given human situation (Morals). I believe that this statement shows that racial discrimination is indeed a moral topic, due to each race having their own morals, and most probably there racial actions originating from their form of morality. However despite this racial discrimination lawsuits cannot be assessed using this theory of philosophy, as morals do not determine what is right or wrong in the aspects of society, only for the particular individual in question. Ethics however refer to standards of conduct that indicate how one should behave, based up on moral duties and virtues; which themselves are derived from the principles of right and wrong.In order to apply this definition to practical decision-making it is necessary to specify the nature of the moral obligations considered intrinsic to ethical behaviour. There are two aspects to ethics: the first involves the ability to discern right from wrong, good from evil, and propriety from impropriety; whilst the second involves the commitment to do what is right, good and proper (Ethics). Due to this, I believe that this statement can easily be applied to the events that occur within the cases of racial discrimination within employment; as what employers have done to employees may not break the employment laws directly, however they impede the ethical laws within human society. DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#8If the situation of the Asian male lawsuit involved members of the same race, with the outcome being the same, it is most likely that no action would have been taken. Howe ver, if the situation within Apple Computers had involved a Caucasian male instead of an African American male, and the case was still taken to court. The lawsuit would then have to be resolved via the means of morals, as none of the employment laws would have been breached. This therefore leads to the conclusion that discrimination within employment is that of an ethical matter rather than being based upon moral principles. From what has been presented it is evident that discrimination occurs within the employment sector, no matter where the company is located, its size or the recognition that it withholds.It is not something that can easily be seen or addressed, such as the punctuality of an employee, and even if it is noticed it is then even more complicated to have any action taken. Throughout the world there is employment; employees looking for work, and employers looking for employees. Due to this there will always be racially mixed companies and, as long as there are racial b oundaries, racial discrimination within employment. Despite fair employment practises being in place to prevent discrimination within employment, the outcome is usually blinded by the nature of the event. Human society itself should be able to prevent this discrimination, without the need of imposed laws or regulations within the workplace.

An Introduction To Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essays

An Introduction To Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essays An Introduction To Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Paper An Introduction To Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Paper You are working as a Social Worker in a Gateway Team. A referral is received from the PSNI that they attended an incident of domestic abuse the old Saturday eventide. The referral is being made because there are two kids in the family aged 4 old ages and 18 months. Discuss the Main Roles and Responsibilities of the Social Work profession, including Law and Policy, Service User perspectives, the Social Work procedure, and professional moralss and values. Social work involves working with some of the most vulnerable people who have been oppressed or disadvantaged in Society. The function of the Social Worker is to dispute these subjugations to assist service users help themselves. It is about advancing alteration, and is underpinned by Torahs, theories, policies and processs. Social Work as a profession has neer experienced so many alterations in policy and pattern ( Iwaniec and Hill 20099 ) Theory is far from benign and practicians need to guarantee that their apprehension of theory has non stopped, slowed or go misplaced ( Helm 2010 ) although they can non stand for an absolute truth they can assist understand, explicate and convey approximately alteration. ( Howe 1990 ) For the intent of this assignment the premise is that this is a heterosexual married twosome where the hubby is perpetrating domestic force against his married woman. The Gateway squad is the first point of contact when kids are involved, when the referral is made, their input ; although may be short term has a important impact in guaranting the safety of the kids. It is their responsibility to look into, the Social Worker must see this household within twenty four hours or the grounds why this can non be achieved must be clearly recorded ( Crippling, 2003, Recommendation 53 ) It is the Social Workers responsibility to do contact with this household every bit shortly as possible. It may be good to look at the four chief parts of the assisting rhythm which are Assessment, Care Planning, Implementation and Review. ( Taylor and Devine 1993 ) Although Gateway does nt be given to put to death attention programs, except perchance on a short term footing, this rhythm can supply a house foundation for the Social Work procedure. On reception of this referral the Social Work procedure Begins, Social work is neer mechanistic or predictable and any brush is seen as alone, Social Workers need to be decently prepared to guarantee effectual pattern. One of the most of import methods of readying for Social workers is that of Tuning in which should get down when the referral has been received. Shulman ( 1992 ) has described this as affecting attempt from the workers to acquire in touch with possible feelings and concerns the Service User may convey to the assisting brush. This should assist the Social Worker prepare for set abouting the referral with a more nonsubjective attack ; they may fit themselves with information to be provided as a agency of authorising the household such as bureaus they can link with. Social work has been described as a practical moral activity. ( Parrott 2010 3 ) Before go toing any referral it is of import the Social Worker takes into account their ain values, we all have a set of beliefs that influence our actions they relate to what we believe others should make or what we should be making ( Parrott 2010 ) Valuess are influenced by things such as civilization, household, and life experience. As a Social Work practician there is a professional set of values that must be reflected in pattern. It is of import to be cognizant of our ain values and understand that there will be occasions when our personal and professional values will conflict. The Cornerstone of a high quality appraisal is a sound value base, which challenges subjugation and respects single s rights. Middleton ( 1997 ) believes the procedure of appraisal is steadfastly rooted in the context of Social Work values and single difference is cardinal if the procedure is non traveling to disempower the person. Several possible booby traps in doing opinion are identified by Milner and OByrne ( 2009 ) such as, pigeonholing, labelling people and imputing certain features to people because how we perceive they are likely to act, as a Social Worker it is of import to be able to recognize these ruins and seek to avoid them, to guarantee effectual pattern. Our values and positions of childhood can play a portion in the appraisal procedure. ( Helm 2010162 ) Due to the possible hazard to the kids it may be hard to experience regard for the male parent ; he is allegedly transporting out domestic force in the household place, seting both his married woman and kids at hazard from injury. It is of import as a Social Worker to be clear that, although the actions may non be respected it is a professional responsibility to esteem the individuals as an person in their ain right. Recognizing possible value struggles can lend to effectual pattern. Milner and Byrne ( 2009 ) argue appraisal is a cardinal undertaking in societal work pattern. It is an on-going procedure affecting Service User engagement, with the intent of understanding people in relation to their environment. ( Coulshed and Orme, 2006 ) Assessment demands the ability to organize, systemise and rationalise cognition gathered, the Social Worker needs to be sensitive and show the ability to value the singularity of each person assessed. ( Parker and Bradley 200716 ) . Practitioners require the accomplishment and finding to happen methods of communicating to show their competency. ( Thomas and OKane 2000819 ) One of the most controversial and complex countries of Social Work is the appraisal of a kid and their household when there are concerns about the public assistance of the kid. ( Holland 2004 ) So it is of import that all cognition is kept up to day of the month. It is of import that the appraisal ensures full engagement of the household and any important others, portraying regard and consideration, working in partnership with the household will be good. The Social Worker needs to be unfastened and honest and give the household a clear apprehension of the appraisal procedure and their functions within it. In this peculiar instance the exchange theoretical account could be applied, where it is seen that the service user is their ain best expert, the interview should be collaborative, the household will cognize what jobs they are confronting, they will be able to supply their positions on what is go oning. Part of the appraisal procedure would be to garner information, through observation, oppugning and the interview procedure. The Social Worker will necessitate to be cognizant what they are looking to happen out and make up ones mind who they need to talk with, the parents, the kids and any important other that could supply an penetration into the household scene. As Part of the tuning in procedure it is of import that the Social Worker works in partnership with other bureaus as this might assist to acquire a clearer apprehension of the state of affairs, they must intercede with the constabulary as they were the 1s that made the referral and it may besides be good to talk to the household s GP and the wellness visitant, as there is an eighteenth month old kid in the house the wellness visitant may hold made regular visits and could give a good penetration into the household and the kids s development. Observation is a critical component of appraisal ( Holland 2004 ) Detecting the household is a major portion of the appraisal procedure, visualizing how they interact with each-other and how the kids interact with both parents, it is of import to look for marks of break and perchance fear on the portion of the kids. Observation can let the practician to see how the kids s day-to-day life expressions like with peculiar mention to emotional maltreatment and disregard ( Helm 2010 ) as both kids are still immature the usage of observation with mention to the fond regard theory could supply critical information as the fond regard theory focuses on how the kids interact with their parents. The kid s development can be affected by deficiency of fond regard with parents. ( Hirschy and Wilkinson 2009 ) What is being said and what is being done may non be easy to picture, the usage of observation allows the practician to formalize what is being said or it may supply contradictory grounds that needs to be addressed. ( Helm 201057 ) Another important country of the appraisal is the interview procedure. The parents, the kids and any important others, will necessitate to be interviewed in relation to this instance, to supply a holistic position of what is go oning and the consequence it may be holding on the kids. Interviewing others outside the household may do controvsersy with the parents as the Human Rights act ( 1998 ) states people have the right to a private and household life, ( www.legislation.gov.uk ) if there is a possibility the kids are at hazard all avenues need to be assessed. When questioning the parents it is of import that their rights are promoted. Questions need to be suitably structured to guarantee that the household are non oppressed in anyhow. Ethical motives are an of import portion of Social Work ( Banks 2006 ) Harmonizing to the Northern Ireland Social Care Council ( NISCC www.niscc.info ) Social Workers should advance the independency of the Service Users while seeking to guarantee that their behavior does non harm themselves or other people. It is of import to see the female parents position of the state of affairs, although the intent of the Gateway squad is chiefly to look after the public assistance of the kid, they must besides be cognizant of the subjugation being faced by the other members in the household and advance their rights. As the female parent is enduring from domestic force, it may be good to supply her with advice and with information on Women s assistance who provide support for anyone who suffers from domestic force ; it may assist to authorise her and give her a sense of ego finding. She may non wish to go forth for several grounds but she should be cognizant that it is non merely her that is enduring, her kids are every bit good. OLoughlin and OLoughlin ( 2008 ) believe that some female parents sing domestic force may emotionally distance themselves from their kids, ensuing in emotional disregard. Information on certain Torahs could be provided ; one chief order would be The Family Homes and Domestic Violence ( NI ) Order ( 1998 ) which includes two orders, the non-molestation order and the business order. It is utile to supply the household with this information because if the job still persists this jurisprudence gives the authorization for the maltreater to be removed from the place where kids are involved. ( White 2007 ) Supplying this information can authorise the female parent. Women s Aid believes all signifiers of domestic force come from the maltreater s desire for power and control over household members or intimate spouses. ( www.womensaid.org.uk ) . When questioning the male parent it is important the practician is non-judgemental and shows regard, he may see himself as the dominant figure in the household, the thought of male patriarchate may play a portion here therefore it may turn out valuable speaking with the male parent to give advice and supply information on possible choler direction classes that he could go to, which may be of benefit to him and his household. When transporting out appraisal with Children the Social Worker with utilize UNOCINI, which provides the model for measuring and supplying services to kids and their households, by guaranting seasonably high quality appraisals with a focal point on accomplishing good results for kids. It is of import to explicate to the household the intent of UNOCINI. Using the UNOCINI model provides the Social Worker with in-depth cognition of the fortunes at manus and can help the Social Workers function of protagonism, stand foring the positions of the kids. It can assist the Social Worker assess countries such as the kids s development, the household relationships, emotional heat and instruction and acquisition. UNOCINI emphasises the importance of multidisciplinary parts to the holistic appraisal of the kid s demands ( Boginsky 2008 ) such as work with GP and wellness visitant and equal degrees of communicating between Social Work squads and can supply grounds of the degree of aid required. The chief intent of the appraisal is to place possible risked posed to the kids. The Children s ( NI ) Order 1995 is put in topographic point to protect the kid. When measuring a instance like this it is highly of import to understand the Torahs that are important, as Social Work Torahs unpin pattern. The Paramouncy Principle provinces that when a kid s upbringing is being considered, the kid s public assistance will be the paramount consideration. ( White 2007 ) The Social Worker is required to work with and on behalf of the service users. When questioning the kids it is of import that the Social Worker uses appropriate linguistic communication that the kids understand, explain to them why your there and what the state of affairs is. The Children s ( NI ) order ( 1995 ) which states children should be kept informed. ( www.dsspsni.gov.uk ) it is the duty of the Social Worker to guarantee that both the kid s public assistance is protected and their voice is heard. ( Brandon et al 1998 ) The demands of the kids must be recognised. Peoples First NI ( 1995 ) believes that needs led appraisals are the basis of community attention. Children have rights and needs merely similar grownups, to hold their positions and experiencing heard and to be treated with regard they need to be able to speak to grownups they trust. ( Brandon et al 1998 ) By inquiring kids to pass on in ways that suit grownups, such as speaking, reading and authorship, we play to a dult competences and non to those of kids. ( Helm 2010170 ) Social Workers need to be accountable for the quality of their work and should systematically be keeping and bettering their accomplishments ( NISCC www.niscc.info ) In order to guarantee effectual communicating the Social Worker must seek to construct a resonance with the kids ; this could be done through seeking to prosecute their attending, to assist develop a relationship that will assist the Social Worker to larn from the kid. There are possible ways this can be done ; the usage of a basic kit bag may turn out good, incorporating points such as drama people, soft animate beings or soft balls. ( Brandon et al 1998 ) It is critical to seek to understand what is go oning from the kids s positions to assist measure the degree of hazard they face ; kids need to be listened excessively. Domestic force can hold a immense impact on kids of all ages, age can act upon the manner in which kids make sense of their experiences and how they demonstrate certain anxiousnesss. The kids in this household are an baby and a kid of preschool age. Oloughlin and Oloughlin ( 2008 ) believe in state of affairss of domestic force an baby s demands may non be met, such as personal hygiene, cognitive development may be delayed through inconsistent disregard, and they become insecurely affiliated which could set the baby at hazard. Younger kids do non hold the ability to show themselves verbally and research has shown that kids of preschool age tend to be the group to show the most behavioral perturbations ( Hughes 1988 ; Cited by Humphreys and Stanley 2006 20 ) they may go withdrawn and show hapless concentration, which may perchance be identified through observation of the kids. The Social Worker is required to transport out a hazard appraisal in relation to the kids. As this is an alleged instance of domestic force the kids may be at hazard. Brearley s theoretical account of hazard appraisal is a good focal point point as it can assist find the degree of hazard. The four phases of Brearley s theoretical account are predisposing jeopardies ; situational jeopardies ; dangers and strengths, making so may assist inform the Social Worker of the degree of support the household require. Safeguarding the kid is indispensable so it is imperative that a elaborate, good informed appraisal is completed. It is critical to bring out what the kids have seen or heard and if they have of all time been abused themselves, due to the age of the younger kid this may be hard to determine. However the affair with the wellness visitant could supply more information on the kids s well-being and besides their phases of development. Bronfenbrenner s ( 1979 ) theory of ecological development would be a good theory to be cognizant of when detecting the kids. This theory looks at a kid s development within the context of the system of relationships that form his or her environment. He believes that if the relationships in the place interruption down, the kid will non hold the tools to research other parts of their environment. ( Crawford and Walker 2010 ) All kids witnessing domestic force are being emotionally abused ( Women s Aid ) and may be at hazard of injury. Harm is defined in the Children Order as ill-treatment or the damage of wellness or development and from the above statements we can see inauspicious consequence that domestic force within the place can hold on kids. ( Probation Board for Northern Ireland 2006 ) Throughout the appraisal it is critical that the involvements of the kid are ever at the head. Frequent exposure to domestic force can predispose kids to societal, emotional and physical jobs and through this they may larn unhealthy ways of showing choler learning them that it is okay to hit others and to acquire away with it. ( Newman and Newman 20084 ) When the appraisal is completed the Social Worker must enter all inside informations accurately. The practician needs to be unfastened and honest with the household about the information and findings. Review and rating is cardinal to good pattern ( Parker and Bradley 2007 ) The Social Worker must reexamine their appraisal to find the degree of support and protection the kids and the household require. Reflection is required so the Social Worker can find if their pattern could be improved and if they have carried out the appraisal in the best involvements of the kids and the household. If Care planning is required, it is of import that a program is constructed that meets the demands of the household and precautions the well being of the kids. If the appraisal high spots that the kids are in demand ; in concurrence with Hardikers thresholds of intercession, it is possible for the gateway squad to set in a short term program which would put purposes and aims within the household ; to back up them with partnership from other bureaus involved. Gateway merely work on short term footing, if this household necessitate more support a referral will be made to the household intercession squad so they can supply the appropriate support to enable the household to remain together where possible. However if it is a kid protection nature, a instance conference may be required to make up ones mind if the kids should be placed on the kid protection registry. Information should be passed within an appropriate timescale to guarantee that the demands of the household are decently met. Communication between the bureaus is critical to guarantee the correct attention is provided. The Children s ( NI ) Order ( 1995 ) highlight that Parents with kids in demand should be helped to convey up their kids themselves and such aid should be provided in partnership with parents. ( www.dhsspsni.gov.uk ) A societal worker being present at an of import point in another individual s life can do a large difference. ( Parker and Bradley 200790 ) . Although the household can be a beginning of danger to a kid, back uping the household in most instances can be the most productive manner to protect the kid. ( Brandon et al 1998 ) The rules associated with the statute law require practicians to work in partnership with kids and households, ( Helm 2010 ) to heighten the well being of the kids. The cardinal facets of Social Work are the practicians intercessions orientated towards heightening kids s well-being ; guaranting that they grow up in healthy and safe environments ; and developing their full potency. ( Dominelli 200925 ) Owen and Pritchard ( 1993 ) high spot, it is of import that the rights of the parents, the kid and the legal system are balanced and the function of professionals in protecting the rights of kids will be promoted if we actively listen to the voices of kids and take their ideas into consideration when doing determinations can move in the best involvements of the kid. Social Work is complex and diverse and the functions and undertakings allotted to it are every bit varied. ( Parker and Bradley 2007117 ) One of import point to retrieve is that every instance is alone ; everyone should be treated with regard as an person, Social Workers should hold the cognition to cover with the different demands of different state of affairss to guarantee efficient, effectual pattern.